Kodi Mungadye Mkate Wankhungu? Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Nkhungu Ndi Zotsatira Zake

Nkhungu pa mkate Mumatani mukachiwona? Kodi mumataya m'zinyalala, kapena mumatsuka mbali ya nkhungu ndikudya zina zonse?

Ili ndi vuto lomwe anthu ambiri amakumana nalo. Ndikukhulupirira mukudabwa kuti ndi iti yomwe ili yolondola.

m'nkhani "nkhungu ndi chiyani", "mitundu ya nkhungu mu mkate" ve “Kodi n’kovulaza kudya mkate wa nkhungu?” mitu idzafotokozedwa.

Kodi nkhungu pa chakudya ndi chiyani?

nkhungu ndi bowa wang'onoang'ono, kuwadya kungakhale koyipa ku thanzi lathu. Mofanana ndi bowa wa msuweni wake, pali mitundu yambirimbiri yosiyanasiyana.

Zina ndi zotetezeka kuzidya, koma zambiri zimatulutsa mycotoxins wapoizoni womwe umayambitsa matenda ngakhale imfa. Kuonjezera apo, anthu ena amadana ndi nkhungu ndipo ayenera kupewa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuthana ndi nkhungu muzakudya ndi bizinesi yayikulu.

N’chifukwa chiyani nkhungu imamera pa chakudya?

kukula kwa nkhungu Pamafunika zinthu zitatu: organic kanthu, madzi, ndi mpweya. Chakudya chimapereka zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira. Nkhungu yomwe ili ndi mpweya imakhala ndi zonse zomwe imafunikira kuti ikule.

Kodi nkhungu imapanga bwanji chakudya?

Tizilombo ta nkhungu tating'ono timawuluka ndi mpweya. Njerezi zikatera pa chakudya, zimamera mizu n’kukula mpaka zitapanga nkhungu zomwe zimaoneka ndi maso. Zikakhwima, zimatulutsa tinjere tatsopano n’kuzitulutsa m’chilengedwe, ndipo kuzungulirako kumapitiriza.

Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti nkhungu ikule muzakudya?

Zinthu zambiri zimakhudza kukula kwa nkhungu: mtundu wina wa nkhungu, chakudya chomwe chimamera, komanso kutentha ndi chinyezi. Makamaka m'miyezi yotentha komanso yotentha yachilimwe, kutentha kwapamwamba ndi mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu imatha kuchitika m'masiku ochepa, monga nkhungu yomwe imamera pazipatso pa counter. Zitha kutenga milungu ingapo kuti nkhungu ipitirire pazakudya zokhala ndi madzi ochepa mufiriji mozizira.

Kodi nkhungu ya mkate ndi chiyani?

Nkhungu ndi bowa lomwe limachokera ku banja limodzi ndi bowa. Bowa amapulumuka mwa kuswa ndi kuyamwa zakudya kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe amamera, monga mkate.

Mbali zamtambo za nkhungu zomwe mumaziwona pa mkate ndi magulu a spores - umu ndi momwe bowa zimachulukira. Ma spores amatha kuyendayenda mumlengalenga mkati mwa phukusi ndikufikira mbali zina za mkate.

Mtundu wa nkhungu umasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa bowa - ukhoza kukhala woyera, wachikasu, wobiriwira, wotuwa kapena wakuda.

Mitundu ya nkhungu yomwe imamera pa mkate Aspergillus, Penicillium, fusarium, Zamgululi ve rhizopus chapezeka. Komanso, bowa uliwonse uli ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati titadya mkate wa nkhungu?

Zikhungu zina ndizotetezeka kudyedwa, monga mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadala kupanga tchizi chabuluu. Komabe, mafangasi omwe amapanga mkatewo amatha kuwononga thanzi lanu.

Ndizosatheka kudziwa mtundu wa nkhungu womwe uli mu mkate, choncho ndi bwino kuganiza kuti ndi wovulaza osati kudya.

Kuphatikiza apo, popeza mutha kutulutsa spores za bowa mkate wa nkhungu pewani kununkhiza. Ngati mukudwala nkhungu, kutulutsa mpweya kungayambitse mavuto ena a kupuma, kuphatikizapo mphumu. 

Osayesa kusunga mkate wa nkhungu

Dipatimenti ya United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA) imalimbikitsa kutaya mkate ngati nkhungu yapangika pa mkate.

Ngakhale mumangowona madontho ochepa a bowa, mizu yake yosawoneka bwino imatha kufalikira mwachangu kukhala buledi. Choncho musayese kuchotsa nkhungu kapena kusunga mkate wotsalawo.

Zikhungu zina zimatha kupanga ziphe zovulaza komanso zosawoneka zotchedwa mycotoxins. Izi zimatha kufalikira mkati mwa mkate wosawoneka, makamaka nkhungu ikakula.

Kudya kwambiri kwa mycotoxins kungayambitse kugaya chakudya kapena matenda ena. Poizoni izi zimawononganso nyama, chifukwa chake musapereke mkate wankhungu kwa ziweto zanu.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma mycotoxins amatha kusokoneza matumbo mwa kusintha kapangidwe ka ma virus m'matumbo.

Komanso, zina Aspergillus Kukumana ndi ma mycotoxins kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza ma aflatoxin opangidwa ndi zamoyo, kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa. 

Kodi mungapewe bwanji kuumba mkate?

Mkate wosungidwa kutentha kwa firiji popanda zotetezera nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi alumali moyo wa masiku atatu kapena anayi.

Njira zina, monga zotetezera ndi zinthu zina ndi kukonza ndi kusunga mkate, zingalepheretse nkhungu kukula. 

Zida Zopewera Nkhungu

Mkate wopangidwa ndi misa umakhala ndi zinthu zotetezera mankhwala, kuphatikizapo calcium propionate ndi sorbic acid, zomwe zimalepheretsa nkhungu kukula.

Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya a lactic acid, omwe amapanga zidulo zomwe zimalepheretsa nkhungu kukula. Pakali pano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu mkate wowawasa.

Viniga, sinamoni ve cloves Zonunkhira zina, monga Komabe, amasintha kakomedwe ndi fungo la mkate, kotero kuti ntchito yawo pazifukwa izi ndi yochepa. 

Momwe Mungasungire Mkate?

Nthawi zambiri, timbewu ta nkhungu sizikhalabe ndi moyo mukaphika, koma buledi umatha kunyamula tinjere ta mlengalenga tikaphika - mwachitsanzo, podula ndi kuyika.

Ma sporeswa amatha kuyamba kukula pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera, monga khitchini yofunda ndi yonyowa. Kuteteza mkate kuti usakhale nkhungu Mutha: 

Kulimba mtima

Ngati muwona chinyezi mkati mwa paketi ya mkate, gwiritsani ntchito chopukutira kapena nsalu yoyera kuti muwumitse musanapake. Chinyezi chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa nkhungu. 

kuphimba izo

Sungani mkatewo kuti muuteteze ku spores zowuluka. 

kuzimitsa

Refrigeration imachepetsa kukula kwa nkhungu. Mkate wozizira umasiya kukula popanda kusintha mawonekedwe ake. 

Mkate wopanda Gluten umakonda kuumba chifukwa nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mocheperako zoteteza mankhwala. 

Mitundu Yosiyana ya Zakudya Mold

nkhungu wakuda pa chakudya

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhungu imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Nkhungu yakuda yakuda kuti mudziwe, samalani eni nyumba Stachybotrys chartarum nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'chipinda chapamwamba.

Komabe, amadziwikanso kuti nkhungu ya mkate wakuda. Rhizopus stolonifera Palinso mitundu yambiri yopanda poizoni ya nkhungu yakuda, kuphatikizapo 

Mutha kukumana ndi nkhungu yakuda pazisindikizo za rabara za firiji kapena pazakudya. Ngakhale izi sizikutsimikizira kuti muli ndi nkhungu yakuda yakuda m'nyumba mwanu, m'pofunika kuganiza kuti zingakhale zovulaza ndikutaya chakudya chomwe chikufunsidwa, kuyeretsa bwino firiji, ndikuyang'ana zizindikiro za nkhungu zakuda m'nyumba mwanu.

pinki nkhungu pa chakudya

Kukula kwa nkhungu kwa pinki pazakudya sikungakhale nkhungu, koma kukula kwa bakiteriya. aureobasidium ve fusarium ndi bowa awiri wamba omwe amameranso ndi mtundu wa pinki.

Nkhungu ya pinki imapezeka kwambiri mu mkate, mkaka ndi nyama. Kuopsa kwa nkhungu ya pinki kumaphatikizapo matenda a kupuma, m'mimba, kapena mkodzo.

woyera nkhungu pa chakudya

nkhungu woyeraAmapezeka muzakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku nkhungu zoyera zomwe zimapangidwa mwadala kunja kwa tchizi zina mpaka nkhungu zoyera pa sitiroberi ndi zipatso zina.

Mitundu yambiri ya nkhungu imatha kuoneka yoyera, ndipo kusokoneza zinthu, nkhungu zambiri zamitundumitundu zimatha kupita pamlingo woti ziwoneke zoyera zisanapangire tinjere zomwe zimapatsa mtundu wake. 

Ngati nkhungu yoyera sicholinga chopanga chakudya (mwachitsanzo, brie ndi camembert tchizi), ganizirani kuti ndi poizoni ndikusamalira chakudya chomwe chakhudzidwa.

wobiriwira nkhungu pa chakudya

nkhungu wobiriwira Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu zipatso za citrus ndi mkate. cladosporiumndi mtundu wamba makamaka wobiriwira nkhungu.

Ikhoza kukhala ndi fungo lamphamvu ndipo imakhumudwitsa makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la nkhungu. Izi zingayambitse matenda opuma monga kupuma ndi kutsokomola, komanso kusanza. clodosporium nkhungu imathanso kutulutsa ma mycotoxins, choncho pewani kuwonekera.

lalanje nkhungu pa chakudya

Fuligo septica ve aleuria aurantia kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhungu ikhoza kukhala lalanje. Nkhungu za lalanjezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala.

Ngakhale kuti ndi owopsa kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya nkhungu, angayambitse vuto la kupuma, ndipo mabakiteriya amapezeka kumene nkhungu ya lalanje ilipo.

Komanso, nkhungu ya lalanje imakonda kumera pamitengo. Choncho nkhungu ya lalanje ndiyowopsa osati chakudya chanu chokha, komanso nkhuni m'nyumba mwanu.

red nkhungu pa chakudya

Ngakhale nkhungu zosiyanasiyana zimatha kukhala zofiira, nkhungu zofiira pazakudya ndizofala kwambiri. ndi Neurospora. Ngakhale nkhungu yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imakhala yowopsa kuposa mitundu ina ya nkhungu, nkhungu zina zomwe zimapanga mycotoxin zimatha kuwoneka zofiira kapena kupezeka pambali pa nkhungu zofiira nthawi zina. Choncho, ndi bwino kuchitira nkhungu wofiira mu chakudya ndi chisamaliro chofanana ndi nkhungu zina.

buluu nkhungu pa chakudya

Nkhungu ya buluu pa mkate ndi nkhungu ya buluu yomwe idakula mwadala kuti ipange tchizi chabuluu, Penicillium ndi zovuta za genus. Mitundu ina (koma osati yonse!) Penicillium imatulutsa penicillin. Ambiri Penicillium mtundu ndi wopanda vuto, koma ena si.

Ngakhale nkhungu yabuluu yopanda okosijeni mu tchizi ya buluu ndi yabwino kudyedwa, nkhungu yamtundu womwewo imatha kupanga ma mycotoxins ikakula kunja komwe kuli mpweya. Chifukwa chake, idyani tchizi wabuluu koma mutenge ngati wowopsa ku nkhungu zina zabuluu.

Kodi ndizowopsa kupuma spores za nkhungu muzakudya?

Kupuma nkhungu zomwe zimawonekera pazakudya ndizowopsa ndipo ziyenera kupewedwa. Zitha kuyambitsa ziwengo kapena zovuta kupuma.

Ngati nkhungu sizikuwoneka, kununkhiza kungakhale njira yothandiza yodziwira - mwachitsanzo, kununkhira kwa nsalu. Komabe, mukawona nkhunguyo, pewani kuipuma.

Kodi nkhungu m'zakudya zingakudwalitseni?

Nkhungu m’zakudya zimatha kuvulaza m’njira zingapo. Anthu ena sagwirizana ndi nkhungu ndipo amatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu.

Koma ngakhale mulibe matupi awo sagwirizana, nkhungu imatha kukwiyitsa kupuma kwanu, m'mimba, kapena mkodzo. Mycotoxins opangidwa ndi nkhungu zina ndi ma carcinogens oopsa omwe amatha kupha.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukadya nkhungu pazakudya?

Zomwe zingagwirizane ndi nkhungu ndi monga kuyetsemula, kutulutsa mphuno, kutsokomola, kudontha kwamphuno, maso, mphuno, mmero, ndi khungu louma. Odwala mphumu akhoza kukhala ndi chifuwa, kupuma movutikira, kupuma movutikira komanso chifuwa cholimba.

Anthu omwe alibe ziwengo amatha kukhalabe ndi vuto la kupuma monga kupuma, kuyetsemula, chifuwa cholimba komanso kupuma movutikira. Zikavuta kwambiri izi zimatha kuyambitsa matenda opumira kapenanso chibayo cha hypersensitivity.

Ndi chakudya chiti chomwe chimawunda mwachangu kwambiri?

Kusungirako kumapangitsa kuti chakudya china chisanduke msanga. Zinthu zonse kukhala zofanana, komabe, chakudya chokhala ndi chinyezi chochuluka chimayamba kukhala chankhungu.

Motero, zipatso zonga sitiroberi ndi nkhaka za m’firiji zimatha kukhala nkhungu zisanadye zakudya zina. Mkate wachilengedwe (wopanda zotetezera) wosungidwa kutentha kwa firiji ukhoza kuumba msanga.

Ndi kutentha kotani komwe kumapha timbewu ta nkhungu mu chakudya?

Nthawi zambiri nkhungu zimafa pa kutentha kwa 60-70 ° C. Pachifukwa ichi, madzi otentha amakhala okwanira kupha nkhungu. Komabe, dziwani kuti nkhungu simangomera pamwamba: kutentha kumafunika kulowa mkati mwa chilichonse chomwe nkhunguyo ikukula kuti chiphe. 

Kumbukiraninso kuti ma mycotoxins opangidwa ndi nkhungu zina amatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu: Kuwira kungathe kupha nkhungu koma kusiya poizoniyo.

Chifukwa;

Mkate wa nkhungu Osadya, nkhungu ikhoza kufalikira ku magawo ena a mkate womwe simukuwona.

Mkate wa nkhungu Chakudya chikhoza kukudwalitsani, ndipo ngati simukugwirizana ndi nkhungu, ziphuphu za nkhungu zimatha kuyambitsa vuto lanu la kupuma. Mukhoza kusunga mkate mufiriji kuti muteteze nkhungu.