Ungakwazi Yini Ukudla Isinkwa Esikhuntile? Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zesikhunta kanye Nemiphumela Yazo

Isikhunta esinkwa Wenzani uma uyibona? Ingabe uyilahla kudoti, noma ingabe uyayihlanza ingxenye ekhuntile bese udla enye?

Lena inkinga abantu abaningi ababhekene nayo. Ngiqinisekile uyazibuza ukuthi iyiphi elungile.

esihlokweni "yini isikhunta", "izinhlobo zesikhunta esinkwa" ve “Ingabe kuyingozi ukudla isinkwa esikhuntile?” izihloko zizochazwa.

Kuyini isikhunta ekudleni?

isikhunta iyisikhunta esincanyana, ukuyidla kungaba kubi empilweni yethu. Njengamakhowe omzala wawo, kunezinkulungwane zezinhlobo ezahlukene.

Ezinye ziphephile ukuzisebenzisa, kodwa eziningi zikhiqiza ama-mycotoxin anobuthi abangela ukugula ngisho nokufa. Ukwengeza, abanye abantu abazwani nesikhunta futhi kufanele baqhele kuso. Yingakho ukubhekana nesikhunta ekudleni kuyibhizinisi elinzima.

Kungani isikhunta sikhula ekudleni?

ukukhula kwesikhunta Kudinga izinto ezintathu: izinto eziphilayo, amanzi, nomoya-mpilo. Ukudla kunikeza izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala. Isikhunta esivezwe emoyeni sinakho konke esikudingayo ukuze sikhule.

Isikhunta sakheka kanjani ekudleni?

Izinhlamvu zesikhunta ezincane zihamba emoyeni. Lapho lezi zinhlamvu zehlela ekudleni, zimila izimpande futhi zikhule zize zenze isikhunta esibonakala ngeso lenyama. Lapho sezivuthiwe, zikhiqiza izinhlamvu ezintsha futhi zizikhulule endaweni ezungezile, futhi umjikelezo uyaqhubeka.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi isikhunta sikhule ekudleni?

Ziningi izici ezithinta izinga lokukhula kwesikhunta: uhlobo oluthile lwesikhunta, ukudla esikhula kukho, nezinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nomswakama. Ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo ezishisayo nezinomswakama, amazinga okushisa aphakeme kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta zingakhula ngezinsuku ezimbalwa kakhulu, njengokukhula kwesikhunta esithelweni phezu kwekhawunta. Kungathatha amasonto ambalwa ukuthi esinye isikhunta sikhule ekudleni okunamanzi amancane ekubandeni kwesiqandisi.

Kuyini isikhunta sesinkwa?

Isikhunta siyisikhunta esiphuma emndenini owodwa nokhunta. Isikhunta siphila ngokuphuka nokumunca imisoco entweni ezikhula ngayo, njengesinkwa.

Izingxenye eziguqubele zesikhunta ozibona esinkwa zingamaqoqo ezinhlamvu - yile ndlela isikhunta esiphindaphindeka ngayo. Ama-spores angajikeleza emoyeni ngaphakathi kwephakheji futhi afinyelele kwezinye izingxenye zesinkwa.

Umbala wesikhunta uyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwesikhunta - kungaba mhlophe, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, ompunga noma omnyama.

Izinhlobo zesikhunta ezikhula esinkwa I-Aspergillus, I-penicillium, I-Fusarium, I-Mucor ve I-Rhizopus iyatholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zamakhowe inezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene.

Kwenzekani uma sidla isinkwa esikhuntile?

Ezinye isikhunta ziphephile ukusetshenziswa, njengezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa ngenhloso ukwenza ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Nokho, isikhunta esakheka esinkwa singalimaza impilo yakho.

Cishe akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwesikhunta esisesinkwa, ngakho-ke kungcono ukucabanga ukuthi siyingozi futhi ungasidli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ungakwazi ukuhogela izinhlamvu zesikhunta isinkwa esikhuntile gwema ukuhogela. Uma ungezwani nesikhunta, ukuhogela kungadala izinkinga ezithile zokuphefumula, okuhlanganisa nesifuba somoya. 

Ungazami ukugcina isinkwa esikhuntile

I-United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA) itusa ukulahla isinkwa uma isikhunta senziwe esinkwa.

Nakuba ungabona amachashaza ambalwa okhunta, izimpande zawo ezincane kakhulu zingasakazeka ngokushesha zibe isinkwa esinezimbotshana. Ngakho-ke ungazami ukukhuhla isikhunta noma ugcine isinkwa esisele.

Ezinye isikhunta singakhiqiza ubuthi obuyingozi futhi obungabonakali obubizwa ngokuthi ama-mycotoxins. Lezi zingasabalala ngaphakathi kwezinkwa ezingabonakali, ikakhulukazi uma ukukhula kwesikhunta kuphezulu.

Ukudla okuphezulu kwe-mycotoxins kungabangela ukuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla noma ezinye izifo. Lobu buthi bulimaza nezilwane, ngakho-ke ungaziniki izilwane ezifuywayo isinkwa esikhuntile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mycotoxins angaphazamisa amathumbu ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwamagciwane emathunjini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye I-Aspergillus Ukuchayeka kanzima isikhathi eside kwamanye ama-mycotoxins, okuhlanganisa nama-aflatoxin akhiqizwa izinhlobo zezilwane, kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza. 

Indlela yokuvimbela ukubunjwa kwesinkwa?

Isinkwa esigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa ngaphandle kwama-preservatives ngokuvamile sineshelufu nempilo yezinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine.

Izindlela ezithile, njengezivimbelakuvunda nezinye izithako kanye nokucubungula nokugcinwa kwesinkwa, kungavimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta. 

Izinto Zokuvimbela Isikhunta

Izinkwa ezikhiqizwe ngobuningi ngokuvamile ziqukethe izinto ezigcina amakhemikhali, okuhlanganisa i-calcium propionate ne-sorbic acid, evimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa amagciwane e-lactic acid, akhiqiza ama-acids avimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta ngokwemvelo. Njengamanje, zivame ukusetshenziselwa isinkwa esimuncu.

Uviniga, isinamoni ve clove Ezinye izinongo, njenge Kodwa-ke, bashintsha ukunambitheka kanye nephunga lesinkwa, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngale njongo kunqunyelwe. 

Indlela Yokugcina Isinkwa?

Izinhlamvu zesikhunta ezivamile ngokuvamile azisindi ngesikhathi sokubhaka, kodwa isinkwa singacosha kalula izinhlamvu emoyeni ngemva kokubhaka - isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokusikwa nokupakishwa.

Lezi zinhlamvu zingaqala ukukhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, njengekhishi elifudumele nelinomswakama. Ukuvimbela isinkwa ukuthi singakhunti ungakwazi: 

Kulungile

Uma ubona umswakama ngaphakathi kwephakethe lesinkwa, sebenzisa ithawula lephepha noma indwangu ehlanzekile ukuze usule ngaphambi kokupakisha. Umswakama ukhuthaza ukukhula kwesikhunta. 

lisibekele

Gcina isinkwa simboziwe ukuze usivikele ezinhlamvu ezihamba emoyeni. 

qhwa

Ukuqandisa kubambezela ukukhula kwesikhunta. Isinkwa esiqandayo siyeka ukukhula ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuthungwa. 

Isinkwa esingenayo i-Gluten sisengozini enkulu yokubunjwa ngoba ngokuvamile sinomswakama ophezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwezilondolozi zamakhemikhali. 

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zokudla Kwesikhunta

isikhunta esimnyama ekudleni

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta zingaba nokubukeka okumnyama. Isikhunta esinobuthi esimnyama ukwazi, qaphela Abanikazi Bezindlu I-Stachybotrys chartarum evame ukutholakala ophahleni lwendlu.

Kodwa-ke, yaziwa nangokuthi isikhunta sesinkwa esimnyama. I-Rhizopus stolonifera Kukhona nezinhlobo eziningi ezingezona ezinobuthi zesikhunta esimnyama, kufaka phakathi 

Ungase uhlangane nesikhunta esimnyama ezimpahleni zenjoloba zesiqandisi sakho noma ekudleni. Nakuba lokhu kungabonisi ukuthi unesikhunta esinobuthi esimnyama ekhaya lakho, kuyadingeka ukucabanga ukuthi kungaba yingozi futhi ulahle into yokudla okukhulunywa ngayo, uhlanze ngokucophelela isiqandisi, futhi ubheke izimpawu zesikhunta esimnyama ekhaya lakho.

isikhunta esipinki ekudleni

Ukumila okukhuntile okupinki ekudleni kungase kungabi yisikhunta, kodwa ukukhula kwamagciwane. I-Aureobasidium ve I-Fusarium amakhowe amabili avamile aphinde akhule anombala obomvana.

Isikhunta esibomvana sivame kakhulu esinkwa, emikhiqizweni yobisi nasenyameni. Izingozi zesikhunta esipinki zihlanganisa ukutheleleka kwemigudu yokuphefumula, yesisu, noma yomchamo.

isikhunta esimhlophe ekudleni

isikhunta esimhlopheKuvela ekudleni okunhlobonhlobo, kusukela ekukhunjweni okumhlophe okutshalwe ngenhloso ngaphandle koshizi othize kuya esikhunjeni esimhlophe esimpunga kumasitrobheli nezinye izithelo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta zingase zibonakale zimhlophe, futhi ukwenza izinto zibe nzima, izinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta ezinemibala zingadlulela esigabeni lapho zibonakala zimhlophe ngaphambi kokuba zibe nezinhlamvu ezizinikeza umbala. 

Uma isikhunta esimhlophe singeyona ingxenye enenjongo yokukhiqizwa kokudla (isibonelo, ushizi we-brie nowe-cammbert), thatha ngokuthi unobuthi futhi uphathe ukudla okuthintekile ngendlela efanele.

isikhunta esiluhlaza ekudleni

isikhunta esiluhlaza Ngokuvamile itholakala ezithelweni ezisawolintshi nesinkwa. ICladosporiumkuwuhlobo oluvamile ikakhulukazi lwesikhunta esiluhlaza.

Ingaba nephunga elinamandla futhi iyacasula kakhulu abantu abangezwani nesikhunta. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni zokuphefumula njengokukhwehlela nokukhwehlela, kanye nokuhlanza. i-clodosporium isikhunta singaphinda sikhiqize ama-mycotoxins, ngakho gwema ukuchayeka.

isikhunta esisawolintshi ekudleni

I-Fuligo septica ve i-aleuria aurantia kuhlanganise isikhunta ezihlukahlukene ingase ibe orange. Lezi zibunjwa ezisawolintshi zivame ukuba nokuthungwa okuncane.

Nakuba iyingozi encane kuneminye imibala yesikhunta, ingabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula, futhi amagciwane angase atholakale lapho isikhunta esisawolintshi sikhona.

Futhi, isikhunta esiwolintshi sivame ukukhula okhunini. Ngakho-ke isikhunta se-orange siwusongo hhayi kuphela ekudleni kwakho, kodwa futhi nezinkuni ezisendlini yakho.

isikhunta esibomvu ekudleni

Nakuba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta zingaba bomvu, isikhunta esibomvu ekudleni sivame kakhulu. I-Neurospora. Nakuba lolu hlobo lwesikhunta ngokuvamile luyingozi encane kunezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta, ezinye isikhunta esikhiqiza i-mycotoxin singase sibonakale sibomvu noma sitholakale eduze kwesikhunta esibomvu ezimeni ezithile. Ngakho-ke, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuphatha isikhunta esibomvu ekudleni ngokunakekelwa okufanayo nezinye isikhunta.

isikhunta esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekudleni

Isikhunta esiluhlaza esinkwa nesiluhlaza esikhule ngamabomu ukuze kwenziwe ushizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, I-penicillium ziyizinhlobo zohlobo. Ezinye (kodwa hhayi zonke!) Izinhlobo ze-Penicillium zikhiqiza i-penicillin. Abaningi I-penicillium uhlobo alunangozi, kodwa abanye abanalo.

Nakuba isikhunta esiluhlaza esincishwa umoya-mpilo kushizi oluhlaza siphephile ukusetshenziswa, uhlobo olufanayo lwesikhunta lungakhiqiza ama-mycotoxins uma lukhuliswe ngaphandle lapho kuvuleleke emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, dla lolo shizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kodwa uphathe njengento engaba yingozi kwezinye isikhunta esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ingabe kuyingozi ukuphefumula izinhlamvu zesikhunta ekudleni?

Ukuhogela isikhunta esibonakala ekudleni kuyingozi futhi kufanele kugwenywe. Ingabangela ukungezwani komzimba noma izinkinga zokuphefumula.

Uma isikhunta singabonakali, ukusihogela kungaba yindlela ewusizo yokusibona – isibonelo, iphunga lezindwangu zezitsha. Nokho, uma ubona isikhunta, gwema ukusihogela.

Ingabe isikhunta ekudleni singakugulisa?

Isikhunta ekudleni singaba yingozi ngezindlela eziningi. Abanye abantu abazwani nesikhunta futhi bangaba nokusabela okungaba kubi kakhulu.

Kodwa ngisho noma ungaguli, isikhunta singabangela ukucasuka emapheshaneni akho okuphefumula, emathunjini, noma omchamo. I-Mycotoxins ekhiqizwa ezinye isikhunta ama-carcinogens anobuthi angabulala.

Kwenzekani uma udla isikhunta ekudleni?

Ukungezwani nesikhunta kuhlanganisa ukuthimula, ikhala eligijimayo noma elivalekile, ukukhwehlela, ukuconsa kwangemva kwekhala, amehlo athukuthele, ikhala, umphimbo, nesikhumba esomile nesinamaxolo. Iziguli ezinesifuba somoya zingase zibe nokukhwehlela, ukuhefuzela, ukuphelelwa umoya kanye nokuqina kwesifuba.

Labo abangenayo i-allergies basengaba nezinkinga zokuphefumula njengokuphefumula, ukuthimula, ukucinana kwesifuba kanye nokuphefumula kanzima. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu lokhu kungaholela ekungenweni izifo zokuphefumula noma ngisho nenyumoniya yokuzwela ngokweqile.

Ikuphi ukudla okuba isikhunta ngokushesha?

Izimo zesitoreji zinomthelela omkhulu ekutheni ukudla okuthile kuphenduka ngokushesha kangakanani isikhunta. Zonke izinto ziyalingana, nokho, ukudla okunomswakama ophezulu kuzoba yisikhunta kuqala.

Ngakho, izithelo ezinjengama-strawberry nokhukhamba esiqandisini zingase zibe isikhunta ngaphambi kokunye ukudla. Isinkwa semvelo (ngaphandle kwama-preservatives) esigcinwe ekamelweni lokushisa singabumba ngokushesha okukhulu.

Yiliphi izinga lokushisa elibulala izinhlamvu zesikhunta ekudleni?

Isikhunta esiningi siyafa emazingeni okushisa angama-60-70°C. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amanzi abilayo ngokuvamile anele ukubulala isikhunta. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi isikhunta asivele sikhule phezulu: ukushisa kuyodingeka kungene kunoma yini isikhunta esikhula kuyo ukuze siyibulale. 

Futhi khumbula ukuthi ama-mycotoxins akhiqizwa isikhunta esithile angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okukhulu: Ukubilisa kungabulala isikhunta kodwa kushiye ubuthi babo buphelele.

Ngenxa yalokho;

Isinkwa esikhuntile Ungalidli, kungenzeka ukuthi isikhunta sesisabalele ezingxenyeni zesinkwa ongasiboni.

Isinkwa esikhuntile ukudla kungakwenza ugule, futhi uma ungezwani nesikhunta, izinhlamvu zesikhunta zingadala izinkinga zakho zokuphefumula. Ungakwazi ukugcina isinkwa efrijini ukuvimbela isikhunta.