Ngaba UngaSitya Isonka Esingundayo? Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoMngundo kunye neziphumo zazo

Umngundo kwisonka Wenza ntoni xa uyibona? Ngaba uyayilahla emgqomeni, okanye ucoca indawo engumngundo uze utye enye?

Le yingxaki abantu abaninzi abajongene nayo. Ndiqinisekile uyazibuza ukuba yeyiphi echanekileyo.

kwinqaku "yintoni ukungunda", "iintlobo zokungunda kwisonka" ve “Ngaba kuyingozi ukutya isonka esingundayo?” izihloko ziya kuchazwa.

Yintoni ukungunda ekutyeni?

ufane yingunda encinci, ukuyidla kunokuba yingozi kwimpilo yethu. Njengomzala wayo, kukho amawaka eentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ezinye zikhuselekile ukuba zingasetyenziswa, kodwa ezininzi zivelisa i-mycotoxins eyityhefu ebangela ukugula kunye nokufa. Ukongeza, abanye abantu abahambisani nokungunda kwaye kufuneka bahlale kude kuyo. Yiyo loo nto ukujongana nomngundo ekutyeni kulishishini elinzulu.

Kutheni ukungunda kukhula ekutyeni?

ukukhula kokungunda Ifuna izinto ezintathu: izinto eziphilayo, amanzi kunye neoksijini. Ukutya kunika amacandelo amabini okuqala. Ukungunda okuvezwe emoyeni kunayo yonke into efunekayo ukuze kukhule.

Kwenzeka njani ukungunda ekutyeni?

Iintsholongwane zokungunda ezincinci zihamba emoyeni. Xa ezi zinambuzane ziwela ekutyeni, ziye zimilisele iingcambu zize zikhule de zenze amabala okungunda abonakala ngeliso lenyama. Xa zikhulile, zivelisa iimbewu ezintsha kwaye zizikhulule kwindawo engqongileyo, kwaye umjikelo uyaqhubeka.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukungunda ukukhula ekutyeni?

Izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela izinga lokukhula lokungunda: uhlobo oluthile lokungunda, ukutya ekhula kuko, kunye nobushushu obuthile kunye nokufuma. Ingakumbi ngeenyanga zasehlotyeni ezishushu nezifumileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye neentlobo ezininzi zokungunda zinokukhula ngeentsuku ezimbalwa, ezifana nokukhula kweziqhamo kwikhawuntara. Kungathatha iiveki ezininzi ukuqhubela phambili ukungunda ekutyeni okunamanzi amancinci kwindawo epholileyo yefriji.

Yintoni ukungunda kwesonka?

Umngundo yifungus evela kusapho olunye kunye nomngundo. Iifungus ziphila ngokuqhekeza nokufunxa izondlo kwizinto ezikhula kuzo, njengesonka.

Iindawo ezinamafu zomngundo ozibona kwisonka ziikoloni ze-spores - le yindlela i-fungi ephindaphinda ngayo. I-spores inokujikeleza emoyeni ngaphakathi kwephakheji kwaye ifikelele kwezinye iindawo zesonka.

Umbala wesikhunta uyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwefungus - lunokuba lumhlophe, luphuzi, luluhlaza, lungwevu okanye lumnyama.

Iintlobo zokungunda ezikhula kwisonka I-Aspergillus, I-penicillium, I-Fusarium, Ngaphezulu ve I-Rhizopus ifunyenwe. Ngaphezu koko, nganye kwezi ntlobo zamakhowa zineentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa sisitya isonka esingundayo?

Ezinye izinto zokubumba zikhuselekile ukuba zingatyiwa, njengeentlobo ezisetyenziswa ngabom ukwenza isonka samasi eblue. Nangona kunjalo, umngundo owenzeka kwisonka unokwenzakalisa impilo yakho.

Kuphantse ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuba luhlobo luni lokubumba kwisonka, ngoko kungcono ukucinga ukuba kuyingozi kwaye ungadli.

Ukongezelela, ekubeni unako ukuphefumla i-spores yefungi isonka esinongundo kuphephe ukujoja. Ukuba awudibani nokungunda, ukusezela kusenokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla, kuquka isifuba. 

Musa ukuzama ukugcina isonka esinongundo

I-United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA) incoma ukulahla isonka ukuba ukungunda kuye kwaphuhliswa kwisonka.

Nangona unokubona iindawo ezimbalwa zomngundo, iingcambu zayo ezincinci zinokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwisonka esinemingxuma. Ngoko musa ukuzama ukususa ukungunda okanye ukugcina isonka esiseleyo.

Ezinye izinto zokungunda zinokuvelisa iityhefu eziyingozi nezingabonakaliyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-mycotoxins. Ezi zinokusasazeka ngaphakathi kwizonka ezingabonakaliyo, ngakumbi xa ukukhula komngundo kuphezulu.

Ukutya okuphezulu kwe-mycotoxins kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokutya okanye ezinye izifo. Ezi tyhefu ziyingozi nakwizilwanyana, ngoko ke musa ukunika izilwanyana zakho isonka esinongunda.

Ukongezelela, i-mycotoxins inokuchaphazela kakubi amathumbu ngokutshintsha isakhiwo se-microbes emathunjini.

Ukongeza, ezinye I-Aspergillus Ukuba sesichengeni esiqatha ixesha elide kwezinye ii-mycotoxins, kuqukwa nee-aflatoxins eziveliswa luhlobo oluthile, kwandisa umngcipheko womhlaza. 

Ukuthintela njani ukubumba isonka?

Isonka esigcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa ngaphandle kwe-preservatives ngokuqhelekileyo sineshelufu yeentsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezine.

Izithinteli kunye nezinye izithako kunye neendlela ezithile, ezifana nokulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa kwesonka, kunokuthintela ukukhula komngundo. 

Izinto zokuthintela ukungunda

Izonka eziveliswe ngobuninzi ngokuqhelekileyo ziqulethe izinto ezigcina imichiza, kuquka i-calcium propionate kunye ne-sorbic acid, evimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta.

Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iibhaktheriya ze-lactic acid, ezivelisa iiasidi ezinqanda ukukhula komngundo ngokwendalo. Okwangoku, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwisonka esimuncu.

Iviniga, isinamon ve iklokhwe Ezinye iziqholo, ezifana Nangona kunjalo, batshintsha incasa kunye nevumba lesonka, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwabo kule njongo kulinganiselwe. 

Indlela Yokugcina Isonka?

Iintsholongwane zokungunda eziqhelekileyo azihlali ziphila kwinkqubo yokubhaka, kodwa isonka sinokuthatha lula i-spores emoyeni emva kokubhaka - umzekelo, ngexesha lokusika kunye nokupakisha.

Ezi spores zinokuqala ukukhula phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nekhitshi elifudumeleyo nelifumileyo. Ukuthintela ukuba isonka singabi ngunda unga: 

yomile

Ukuba ubona ukufuma ngaphakathi kwipakethi yesonka, sebenzisa itawuli yephepha okanye ilaphu elicocekileyo ukuze uyomise ngaphambi kokupakisha. Ukufuma kukhuthaza ukukhula kokungunda. 

yigqume

Gcina isonka sigqunyiwe ukusikhusela kwimbewu ephuma emoyeni. 

ngumkhenkce

Ukukhenkceza kucothisa ukukhula komngundo. Isonka esikhenkcezayo siyayeka ukukhula ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukuthungwa. 

Isonka esingenayo iGluten sisengozini yokubumba ngenxa yokuba sinomthamo ophezulu wokufuma kunye nokusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo kwezithinteli zeekhemikhali. 

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoMngundo wokutya

ngundo emnyama ekutyeni

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokubumba zinokuba nembonakalo emnyama. Ukungunda okumnyama okunetyhefu ukwazi, qaphela abaninimzi I-Stachybotrys chartarum ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kwi-attic.

Nangona kunjalo, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-black bread mold. Rhizopus stolonifera Kukho kwakhona ezininzi iintlobo non-ityhefu ngundo emnyama, kuquka 

Unokudibana nomngundo omnyama kwiitywina zerabha zefriji yakho okanye ekutyeni. Nangona oku kungabonisi ukuba unobumba olumnyama olunetyhefu kwikhaya lakho, kuyimfuneko ukucinga ukuba kunokuba yingozi kwaye ulahle into yokutya ekuthethwa ngayo, ucoce ngononophelo ifriji, kwaye ujonge iimpawu zokungunda okumnyama kwikhaya lakho.

pink ngundo ekutyeni

Ukukhula okubundi okupinki ekutyeni akunako ukungunda, kodwa ukukhula kwebhaktiriya. IAureobasidium ve I-Fusarium ngamakhowa amabini aqhelekileyo nawo akhula abe nombala opinki.

Umngundo opinki uxhaphake kakhulu kwisonka, kwiimveliso zobisi nakwinyama. Iingozi zomngundo opinki ziquka usulelo lokuphefumla, lwesisu, okanye lwendlela yomchamo.

ngundo emhlophe ekutyeni

ngundo emhlopheIvela kukutya okwahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwingundo emhlophe ekhuliswe ngabom ngaphandle kweetshizi ezithile ukuya kumngundo omhlophe ofukufuku kumaqunube kunye nezinye iziqhamo.

Iintlobo ezininzi zokungunda zisenokubonakala zimhlophe, yaye ukwenza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi, iintlobo ezininzi ezinemibala yokungunda zinokudlula kwinqanaba lokuba zibonakale zimhlophe ngaphambi kokuba zivelise amabala azinika umbala wazo. 

Ukuba ukungunda okumhlophe akuyonxalenye yenjongo yokuveliswa kokutya (umzekelo, i-brie kunye ne-cammbert cheese), cinga ukuba iyityhefu kwaye iphathe ukutya okuchaphazelekayo ngokufanelekileyo.

ngundo eluhlaza ekutyeni

ukungunda okuluhlaza Ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kwiziqhamo zesitrasi kunye nesonka. ICladosporiumluhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokungunda okuluhlaza.

Inokuba nevumba elinamandla kwaye ikhubekisa ngakumbi kubantu abanokwaliwa ngundo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokuphefumla ezifana nokuphefumla nokukhohlela, kunye nokugabha. clodosporium ukungunda nako kunokuvelisa i-mycotoxins, ngoko kunqande ukuba sesichengeni.

i-orenji ngundo ekutyeni

I-Fuligo septica ve i-aleuria aurantia kuquka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungunda ingajika ibeorenji. Ezi zingunda eziorenji zihlala zine-slimy texture.

Ngelixa ziyingozi kakhulu kuneminye imibala yokungunda, zinokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla, kwaye iibhaktheriya zinokufumaneka apho kukho ukungunda kweorenji.

Kwakhona, ukungunda kwe-orenji kuthandwa kakhulu ukukhula kwimithi. Ngoko ukubunjwa kwe-orange kuyingozi nje kuphela ekutyeni kwakho, kodwa nakwiinkuni ekhaya lakho.

ngundo ebomvu ekutyeni

Ngelixa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungunda zinokuba bomvu, ukungunda obomvu ekutyeni kuxhaphake kakhulu. iNeurospora. Ngelixa olu hlobo lokungunda lungenabungozi kangako kunezinye iintlobo zomngundo, ezinye izinto zokungunda ezivelisa i-mycotoxin zinokubonakala zibomvu okanye zifunyanwe ecaleni komngundo obomvu kwiimeko ezithile. Ngoko ke, kubulumko ukuphatha isikhunta esibomvu ekutyeni ngokunyamekela okufanayo kunye nezinye iimbumba.

ukungunda blue ekutyeni

Ukungunda okuluhlaza kwisonka kunye nokungunda okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhule ngabom ukwenza itshizi eluhlaza, I-penicillium ziintlobo zohlobo. Ezinye (kodwa hayi zonke!) Iintlobo zePenicillium zivelisa ipenicillin. Abaninzi I-penicillium uhlobo alunabungozi, kodwa ezinye azikho.

Ngelixa umngundo oluhlaza ohlulwe yioksijini kwisonka samasi eblue ukhuselekile ukuba ungasetyenziswa, uhlobo olufanayo lokungunda lunokuvelisa i-mycotoxins xa ikhule ngaphandle evezwe emoyeni. Ke, yitya loo sisi eluhlaza kodwa uyiphathe njengento enokuba yingozi kwezinye iimbumba eziluhlaza.

Ngaba kuyingozi ukuphefumla i-spores yokungunda ekutyeni?

Ukusezela ukungunda okuvela ekutyeni kuyingozi kwaye kufuneka kuphetshwe. Isenokubangela ukungezwani komzimba okanye iingxaki zokuphefumla.

Xa ukungunda kungabonakali, ukusezela inokuba yindlela eluncedo yokuyibhaqa – umzekelo, ivumba lamalaphu ezitya. Nangona kunjalo, xa ubona ukungunda, kuphephe ukuphefumlela.

Ngaba ukungunda ekutyeni kunokukugulisa?

Umngundo ekutyeni unokuba yingozi ngeendlela ezininzi. Abanye abantu abahambisani nomngundo kwaye banokuba nokusabela okunokubakhona.

Kodwa nangona ungekho i-allergies, isikhunta sinokubangela ukucaphuka kukuphefumula kwakho, isisu, okanye umchamo. I-Mycotoxins eveliswa kokungunda okuthile ziintsholongwane ezinetyhefu ezinokubulala.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa utya ukungunda ekutyeni?

Ukwalana nokungunda kubandakanya ukuthimla, impumlo ebalekayo okanye exineneyo, ukukhohlela, ukuthontsiza emva kweempumlo, ukucaphuka kwamehlo, impumlo, umqala, kunye nokoma, ulusu olunamaxolo. Izigulana zombefu zinokuba nokhohlokhohlo, ukutswina, ukuphefumla nzima kunye nokuqina kwesifuba.

Abo bangenayo i-allergies basenokufumana iingxaki zokuphefumla ezifana nokuphefumla, ukuthimla, ukuxinana kwesifuba kunye nobunzima bokuphefumla. Kwiimeko ezimandundu oku kunokukhokelela kusulelo lokuphefumla okanye inyumoniya eyingozi kakhulu.

Kokuphi ukutya okungunda ngokukhawuleza?

Iimeko zogcino zinefuthe elibonakalayo kwindlela ukutya okuthile okujika ngokukhawuleza ngayo kukungunda. Zonke izinto ziyalingana, nangona kunjalo, ukutya okunomswakama ophezulu kuya kungunda kuqala.

Ngaloo ndlela, iziqhamo ezinjengamaqunube kunye neekomkomere efrijini zinokungunda ngaphambi kokunye ukutya. Isonka sendalo (ngaphandle kwezithinteli) esigcinwe kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi sinokubumba ngokukhawuleza.

Bubuphi ubushushu obubulala iintsholongwane zokungunda ekutyeni?

Uninzi lokungunda lufa kumaqondo obushushu angama-60-70°C. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, amanzi abilayo adla ngokwaneleyo ukubulala ukungunda. Khumbula, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukungunda akukhuli nje phezu komhlaba: ubushushu kuya kufuneka bungene kuyo nayiphi na into ekhula kuyo ukubungula. 

Kwakhona khumbula ukuba i-mycotoxins eveliswa kukungunda okuthile inokumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo: Ukubilisa kunokubulala ukungunda kodwa kuyishiye ityhefu yayo iyonke.

Ngenxa yoko;

Isonka esibunjiweyo Ungayityi, mhlawumbi ukungunda kunwenwele kwiindawo zesonka ongaziboniyo.

Isonka esibunjiweyo ukutya kunokukugulisa, kwaye ukuba awudibani nokungunda, iimbewu zokungunda zinokubangela iingxaki zakho zokuphefumla. Ungasigcina isonka kwisikhenkcisi ukuthintela ukungunda.